Isaiah Pacheco's touchdown gave the Chiefs a 14-7 lead midway through the second quarter, but the defense dominated from then on and Kansas City made two key plays to seal the victory.
The first was Rajarius Snead's touchdown-saving tackle when the Chiefs cornerback punched the ball out of Zai Flowers' hands as the Ravens receiver reached the end zone at the start of the fourth quarter. .
With Baltimore leading 17-7 with less than seven minutes left, Jackson took a shot in the end zone, but it was intercepted by safety Deon Bush.
The Chiefs will face either the Detroit Lions or the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl 58 on February 11 in Las Vegas.
This was the second season in which the 27-year-old Jackson produced an MVP-winning season, but the Ravens were eliminated in the postseason.
After Mahomes fired a 19-yard dart to Kelce just inside the pylon on Kansas City's opening drive, Jackson responded by escaping a sack and scoring a 30-yard touchdown to Flowers.
The Chiefs then led Pacheco into the end zone from 2 yards out, capping off a nine-minute, 16-play drive with a field goal just before halftime to make it 17-7.
Meanwhile, Kansas City's defense held Jackson down by sacking him four times, and the Ravens converted on just three of 11 third-down attempts.
And while Jackson finished with 272 passing yards, he completed just 20 of 37 passes and was intercepted while forcing a pass on second down, but his intended target, Isaiah Riley, had three interceptions. was surrounded by defenders.
But had Flowers secured the ball, Jackson would have caught another touchdown pass and the extra point would have brought Baltimore within three points.
The fumble was a huge blow for Kansas City in the second half, as the host defense was forced to punt on all five possessions before being forced to stop the game on its final possession.